In earlier centuries, one way to avoid a criminal trial was to claim "the benefit of clergy". Members of the clergy (priests, nuns, etc) were supposed to be tried only by their own organizations. The standard test to prove that you were a member of the clergy was to read a passage from a bible. One passage was very commonly chosen for this, so if you wanted to pretend to be clergy, you needed to memorize about 2 paragraphs. In criminal trials, a guilty verdict was followed by 3 possible sentences: flogging, transportation (exile/banishment) to America/Australia, or execution (hanging for peasants, beheading for nobility).