Front-running efficacy can be measured in milliseconds. It's a world where microwave towers sometimes replace fiber lines, to gain a few milliseconds of advantage. That is, when the front-runner isn't "in-house", which Alameda had ample opportunity to be. Alameda and FTX were separate legal entities, but Sam largely headed both. Alameda front-running servers, in theory, could have been running right along side FTX servers, with only inches of network-induced latency.
You can of course front-run manually, depending on the degree of automation in the systems one is front-running, but front-runners will generally want to automate. And to scale the scheme for a realtime system of FTX's volume, Alameda would certainly want to automate it.
I wasn't following the case closely enough, but did the prosecution have access to Alameda source code, or was it only FTX? As long as Alameda had access to FTX order records, any front-running code would likely have resided in Alameda repositories.
> I wasn't following the case closely enough, but did the prosecution have access to Alameda source code, or was it only FTX?
This blog post [0] contains screenshots of git commits that were used as evidence in the trial. It only shows commits to FTX's source code, so I don't know if the prosecution also had access to Alameda's source code.
Given how obviously incriminating those snippets are, I don't think SBF really tried to hide his crimes. I'm not sure then why they would architecture FTX such there are no signs of front-running in their code.
Personally, my guess is that either A) the prosecution found evidence of front-running but thought that the case was air-tight enough already and they didn't want to confuse the jurors or B) Alameda didn't actually do any front-running.
I'm not in the industry. That said, it's my understanding that "front-running" as a term of art necessarily implies some sort of illegal behavior (at least in the US and European markets), but being clever with physics (microwave towers, bouncing signals off the ionosphere, etc.) is fair game, and if you can pull off some profitable arbitrage trades with that sort of setup, you're in the clear.
You can of course front-run manually, depending on the degree of automation in the systems one is front-running, but front-runners will generally want to automate. And to scale the scheme for a realtime system of FTX's volume, Alameda would certainly want to automate it.
I wasn't following the case closely enough, but did the prosecution have access to Alameda source code, or was it only FTX? As long as Alameda had access to FTX order records, any front-running code would likely have resided in Alameda repositories.