Economics has the Journal of Comments and Replications in Economics: https://jcr-econ.org/

And funding dedicated to replication studies.

paid by the original authors if their study fails to replicate

In the US such a requirement would violate the 1st amendment. It's also probably counterproductive.

punishing failure is probably counterproductive? let me guess, participation trophies is the way...

Let me introduce you to the concept of "unintended consequences".

We already have archival journals. What's missing is funding and any prospect of career advancement.

Is there a viable career path for researchers who choose to focus on replication instead of novel discoveries? I assume replications are perceived as less prestigious, but it's also important work.

The closest thing we have is, in security / privacy / cryptography, you can write "attack" papers.

It's not perfect. You don't get any credit unless you can demonstrate a substantial break of the prior work. But it's better than in a lot of other fields.

sadly no, this is not a thing and it's critically needed.

top on my list of things to do if i were a billionaire: launch an institute for the sole purpose of reproducing other's findings.